Prospective treatment trials are needed to determine the best course of treatment, and until then, treatment plans must be individualized to the clinical manifestations and severity of disease.Īcute disseminating encephalomyelitis (ADEM) Aquaporin-4 (AQP4) Multiple sclerosis Myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG) Neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (NMOSD) Optic neuritis. b Optical coherence tomography shows significant thickening. It remains to be determined whether or not MOG-IgG serostatus in the remission phase of optic neuritis will. Despite optic neuritis attacks being severe and recurrent, the majority of patients retain good functional vision. MOG-IgG positivity should be suspected if disc edema is moderate to severe at onset or if MRI shows optic nerve sheath involvement. a Fundus photographs demonstrate bilateral moderate optic disc edema. In conclusion, MOG-IgG seropositivity predicts a relapsing inflammatory disease process with recurrent optic neuritis as a common feature. ![]() There is now sufficient evidence to separate MOGAD from other inflammatory central nervous system demyelinating disorders, which will allow focused research on understanding the pathophysiology of the disease. 51-year-old woman with bilateral MOG-IgG positive optic neuritis. Based on contemporary studies, it has become increasingly evident that MOGAD is distinct from multiple sclerosis and aquaporin-4-positive neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder with different clinical features and treatment outcomes. Symptoms are usually unilateral, with eye pain and partial or complete vision loss. The recent development of a reproducible, live cell-based assay for MOG-IgG, has improved our ability to identify and study this disease. Most patients with a typical history of optic neuritis and no underlying systemic disease, such as a connective tissue disease, recover vision, but > 25 have a recurrence in the same eye or in the other eye (1 Prognosis reference Optic neuritis is inflammation of the optic nerve. ![]() In this review, we summarize the current knowledge of the clinical characteristics, neuroimaging, treatments, and outcomes of MOGAD, with a focus on optic neuritis. On imaging, optic neuritis is most easily identified as a unilateral optic nerve swelling, with high T2. It can be thought of as broadly divided into infectious and non-infectious causes, although the latter is far more frequent. Antibodies against myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG) are associated with a unique acquired central nervous system demyelinating disease-termed MOG-IgG-associated disorder (MOGAD)-which has a variety of clinical manifestations, including optic neuritis, transverse myelitis, acute disseminating encephalomyelitis, and brainstem encephalitis. Optic neuritis denotes inflammation of the optic nerve and is one of the more common causes of optic neuropathy.
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